II.The System Ensuring the People's Right to Development
二、日臻完备的发展权保障制度
China has established an integrated system of legislature, strategy development, planning, and judicial remedy to ensure its people's right to development, and makes continued efforts to improve it. The people's right to development is realized through a framework of institutions, strategies, policies and measures that are constructive, practical, efficient, and compulsory.
中国建立并完善保障发展权的立法、战略、规划、计划、司法救济一体化制度体系架构，以富有建设性、务实性、高效性和强制性的体制制度、战略构建与政策措施，保障人民发展权的实现。
The Constitution and Laws
——宪法和法律制度
China has established a legal system with Chinese characteristics. With the Constitution at the core, it is based on laws related to the Constitution, the civil laws, the commercial laws, and other major branches of the laws, and consists of laws, administrative regulations, and local regulations, providing a legal basis for the people's right to development.
中国建立了以宪法为核心，以宪法相关法、民法商法等多个法律部门的法律为主干，由法律、行政法规和地方性法规等多个层次的法律规范构成的中国特色社会主义法律体系，为实现人民的发展权提供了法律保障。
As the nation's fundamental law, the Constitution establishes and protects the people's right to development in all respects. In the Preamble, equal development is set as the fundamental guiding principle, and the nation's core task is to "promote the coordinated development of the material, political and spiritual civilizations, and to turn China into a socialist country that is prosperous, powerful, democratic and culturally advanced." The Constitution establishes such principles as the people's democracy, equal development, and stipulates that "All power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people" ; "The people administer state affairs and manage economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the provisions of law" ; "The state develops a relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of China's nationalities." Article 33 of the Constitution sets the fundamental principle that "The state respects and preserves human rights." In Chapter II, the Constitution stipulates the Chinese citizens' right to economic, political, cultural, and social development.
宪法以国家根本法的形式全方位确立和保障发展权。宪法序言确立了保障平等发展的根本指导原则，明确国家的根本任务是“推动物质文明、政治文明和精神文明协调发展，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家”。宪法确立了人民民主、平等发展原则，宣告“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民”，“人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务”，规定“维护和发展各民族的平等、团结、互助关系”。宪法确立了“国家尊重和保障人权”基本原则，并在关于公民基本权利和义务的条款中明确了公民在经济、政治、文化、社会诸方面全面发展的权利。
China has promulgated and implemented a series of laws and regulations to protect the right to development of all citizens, especially that of the ethnic minorities, women, children, senior citizens, and the disabled. The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that people of all ethnic minority groups shall "speed up the economic and cultural development of the ethnic autonomous areas, work towards their unity and prosperity, and strive for the common prosperity of all ethnic groups and for the transformation of China into a socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy." The Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests stipulates that "Women shall enjoy equal rights with men in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and family life. It is a basic state policy to realize equality between men and women. The state shall take necessary measures to gradually improve various systems for the protection of the rights and interests of women and to eliminate all kinds of discrimination against women." The Law on the Protection of Minors stipulates that "Minors shall enjoy the right to life, the right to development, the right to being protected, and the right to participation." The Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that "The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of the elderly. The elderly shall have the right to obtain material assistance from the state and society, the right to enjoy social services and social preferential treatment, and the right to participate in social development and share the achievements in development." The Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons stipulates that "Disabled persons shall enjoy equal rights with other citizens in political, economic, cultural, social, family life and other aspects."
中国制定并实施了一系列专门性的权利保障法律法规，平等保障全体公民，特别是少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人等的发展权利。民族区域自治法规定“加速民族自治地方经济、文化的发展，建设团结、繁荣的民族自治地方，为各民族的共同繁荣，把祖国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家而努力奋斗”。妇女权益保障法规定“妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。实行男女平等是国家的基本国策。国家采取必要措施，逐步完善保障妇女权益的各项制度，消除对妇女一切形式的歧视”。未成年人保护法规定“未成年人享有生存权、发展权、受保护权、参与权等权利”。老年人权益保障法规定“国家保障老年人依法享有的权益。老年人有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利，有享受社会服务和社会优待的权利，有参与社会发展和共享发展成果的权利”。残疾人保障法规定“残疾人在政治、经济、文化、社会和家庭生活等方面享有同其他公民平等的权利”。
National Development Strategies
——国家发展战略
The world is a colorful place, with many different development patterns. Summarizing its historical experience and based on its prevailing conditions, China has chosen a socialist path. It strives to build socialism with Chinese characteristics, create a beautiful life for the Chinese people, and realize the people's right to development.
世界是丰富多彩的，发展模式也是多种多样的。中国总结长期历史经验，坚持从基本国情出发，走中国特色社会主义道路，建设中国特色社会主义，引领中国发展进步，为中国人民创造美好生活，实现人民发展权。
To build socialism with Chinese characteristics, China sets its national development strategies based on the need to protect and realize its people's right to development. In the early 1980s, the CPC proposed the "three-step" development strategy: First, to double the 1981 GNP and ensure the provision of basic material needs by 1990; second, to double the 1991 GNP by the end of the 20th century and bring people's living standards to a level of "reasonable prosperity" ; and third, to quadruple that new GNP to the level of moderately developed countries by the mid-21st century, and bring the Chinese people an affluent life.
按照建设中国特色社会主义的要求，中国的国家发展战略以不断保障和实现人民的发展权为基本价值取向。中国共产党在20世纪80年代初提出了现代化建设“三步走”发展战略目标：第一步，1981年到1990年，国民生产总值翻一番，解决人民的温饱问题；第二步，1991年到20世纪末，国民生产总值再翻一番，人民生活达到小康水平；第三步，到21世纪中叶，国民生产总值再翻两番，人民生活比较富裕，达到中等发达国家水平。
At the 15th CPC National Congress in 1997, the third step was made more specific, and a new "three-step" strategy for the first half of the 21st century was put forward. First, in the first decade of the 21st century, to double GNP compared to the 2000 level, raise levels of prosperity, and form a relatively complete socialist market economy; second, with ten more years' hard work, to further develop the economy and improve various institutions by the centenary of the founding of the CPC; and third, to achieve basic modernization and complete the building of a socialist country that is prosperous, democratic, and culturally advanced by the centenary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in the mid-21st century.
1997年召开的中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会，将上述“三步走”的第三步战略目标具体化，提出了21世纪上半叶中国新“三步走”发展战略：21世纪第一个十年实现国民生产总值比2000年翻一番，使人民的小康生活更加富裕，形成比较完善的社会主义市场经济体制；再经过十年的努力，到中国共产党成立100年时，使国民经济更加发展，各项制度更加完善；到21世纪中叶中华人民共和国成立100年时，基本实现现代化，建成富强民主文明的社会主义国家。
After entering the 21st century, the CPC set itself the strategic task of building a "moderately prosperous society in all respects." Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the Party's Central Committee, with Xi Jinping as its core, has set the "people's wish for a better life" as its goal of governance, and defined the Two Centenary Goals. That is, to enable the people to live prosperous lives and complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020, the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921), and to bring China's per capita GDP on par with that of moderately developed countries, and build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the PRC (founded in 1949) in the mid-21st century.
进入21世纪后，中国共产党提出了“全面建设小康社会”的战略构想。2012年中共十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央，明确将“人民对美好生活的向往”作为执政目标，进一步提出了实现“两个一百年”的奋斗目标：到2020年在中国共产党成立100年时实现第一个百年奋斗目标，中国人民将在全面解决温饱的基础上，普遍过上比较殷实富足的生活，全面建成小康社会；到21世纪中叶中华人民共和国成立100年时实现第二个百年奋斗目标，中国人均国内生产总值将达到中等发达国家水平，建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。
To achieve the Two Centenary Goals, the CPC strives to promote coordinated progress in economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological areas, and to implement the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy, viz., building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, driving reform to a deeper-level, fully implementing the rule of law, and strengthening Party discipline. Based on economic growth, the Party will continue to build the socialist market economy, promote democracy, advanced culture, ecological progress, and a harmonious society, and ensure that the people are better-off, that the nation grows stronger and more prosperous, and that the environment is clean and beautiful, and that the people's right to development is protected and promoted in a more solid and effective manner.
为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标，中国共产党统筹推进经济、政治、文化、社会和生态文明建设“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党的“四个全面”战略布局，在推动经济发展的基础上，建设社会主义市场经济、民主政治、先进文化、生态文明、和谐社会，协同推进人民富裕、国家强盛、中国美丽，更加扎实有效地保障和促进发展权的实现。
Overall Development Plans
——总体发展规划
In accordance with the goal to build a modern socialist country and the associated development strategies, the Chinese government regularly makes national development plans to ensure the people's right to development. In the period between 1953 and 2001, it issued national development plans every five years addressing issues concerning the country's economy, culture, and society. After 2006 the plan has been changed to program which is less detailed, with fewer numerical targets to guide the macro-economy and social development. To date China has made 13 consecutive five-year plans (including the program starting from 2006) for the nation's economic and social development. These plans have connected the country's overall development goals to the concrete plans to implement them, and are divided into different stages to steadily promote the people's right to development, with mid- and long-term guidelines, goals and directions, basic requirements, and specific measures.
按照建设社会主义现代化国家的要求和发展战略，中国政府制定国家发展规划，保障发展权的实现。从1953年到2001年，每5年制定一个国家发展计划，对国家经济、文化、社会等各方面发展作出安排。自2006年起，改计划为规划，实现了从具体、微观、指标性的发展计划向宏观的国民经济和社会发展规划的转变。到目前为止，中国已经连续制定了十三个国民经济和社会发展计划或规划。“五年规划”是连接国家发展总目标和具体实施计划的纽带，为有计划、分阶段、稳扎稳打地推进发展权的实现，确立了中长期指导思想、目标方向、基本要求和实施举措。
On October 29, 2015, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee approved the "Suggestions of the CPC Central Committee on Developing the 13th Five-Year Program for National Economic and Social Development." On March 16, 2016, the Fourth Session of the 12th National People's Congress approved by vote the "Outline of the 13th Five-Year Development Program of the People's Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development." Following the new philosophies on development and based on universal participation and benefits, China stresses equal opportunities, with an emphasis on ensuring basic living standards, improving the people's wellbeing, and realizing a moderately prosperous society for all the people. China has made breakthroughs in equal access to the fruits of development, mainly in increasing the supply of public services, carrying out poverty eradication programs, enhancing the quality of education, granting equal access to educational resources, promoting employment and entrepreneurship, bridging the income gap, establishing a fairer and more sustainable social security system, enhancing public health and fitness, and strengthening the balanced development of the people.
2015年10月29日，中共十八届五中全会通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》。2016年3月16日，十二届全国人大四次会议表决通过《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》。《建议》和《纲要》坚持新发展理念，按照人人参与、人人尽力、人人享有的要求，注重机会公平，保障基本民生，着力增进人民福祉，实现全体人民共同迈入全面小康社会。《建议》和《纲要》在公平分享发展成果上进行重点突破，主要包括增加公共服务供给、实施脱贫攻坚工程、提高教育质量、促进教育公平、促进就业创业、缩小收入差距、建立更加公平更可持续的社会保障制度、推进健康中国建设、促进人口均衡发展。
China ensures its people's right to development also by making national human rights action plans. It has issued the "National Human Rights Action Plan" (2009-2010), (2012-2015), and (2016-2020). In these plans, the government puts the people's right to development at the core of human rights, and strives to address the most immediate problems that are of the most concern to the public. While promoting the sound and rapid development of the economy and society, China ensures that all members of the society enjoy the rights to equal participation and equal development.
中国还通过国家人权行动计划落实发展权。中国先后制定实施《国家人权行动计划（2009－2010年）》《国家人权行动计划（2012－2015年）》和《国家人权行动计划（2016－2020年）》。国家人权行动计划把保障发展权放在保障人权的首要位置，着力解决好人民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题，在推动经济社会又好又快发展的基础上，保证全体社会成员平等参与、平等发展的权利。
Special Action Plans
——专项行动计划
The Chinese government formulates special action plans in the fields of economy, culture, society, and environment to ensure people's right to development. It has implemented a wide array of action plans in areas such as poverty alleviation, the Internet, innovation and entrepreneurship, science and technology, trade, and regional development. Specifically, these plans have been designed to promote entrepreneurship and innovation among farmers, to send agricultural specialists to rural areas to develop agriculture, to develop rural and agricultural resources in support of rural migrant workers who return to their home villages to start businesses, to improve people's lives by developing high-tech industries in selected counties, to transform the growth model of the western areas through science and technology, and to revitalize the old industrial bases in the Northeast through science and technology. The state has effectively implemented a series of action plans regarding educational development, health improvement, awards for high-caliber professionals, and the cultural industry, such as the action plans to revitalize education in the 21st century, to enhance teachers' status in the stage of compulsory education in rural areas, to promote special education, to help girls who have dropped out of school to return to campus, and to support the more developed cities in the eastern areas to train professionals for the western areas. China has implemented a series of action plans regarding employment, social security, food and medical care, disability prevention, and health and fitness, such as the Spring Breeze Action Plan to promote employment, and other plans to realize full coverage of social security, to eliminate malaria, to prevent and control nosocomial infection, to carry out rehabilitation programs for children with impairments and disabilities, to reduce the number of newborns with defects and disabilities, to prevent incidences of disability, and to improve the nutritional status and fitness of the Chinese. The state has issued action plans on pollution prevention and control, energy conservation, and biodiversity, such as action plans to prevent and control water pollution, to reduce high-risk pollutants, to utilize coal in a clean and efficient manner, to upgrade and renovate coal power for energy saving and emissions reduction, to build obstacle-free cities or counties for the disabled, and to protect biodiversity.
中国政府制定经济、文化、社会和环境等方面的专项行动计划，落实人民发展权。广泛实施了涉及扶贫、互联网、创新创业、科技、贸易、区域发展等行动计划，如推进农民创业创新行动计划、科技特派员农村科技创业行动、开发农业农村资源支持农民工等人员返乡创业行动计划、科技富民强县专项行动计划、科技助推西部地区转型发展行动计划和科技服务东北老工业基地振兴行动计划等。有效实施了教育发展、人口素质提升、人才奖励、文化产业等行动计划，如面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划、农村义务教育阶段学校教师特设岗位计划、特殊教育提升计划、救助贫困地区失学女童重返校园的“春蕾计划”和东部城市对口支持西部地区人才培训计划等。实施了有关就业、社会保障、食品与医疗、残疾预防、全民健身等方面的一系列行动计划，如关于就业的春风行动，关于社会保障的全民参保计划，消除疟疾行动计划，预防与控制医院感染行动计划，伤残儿童康复合作项目行动计划，提高出生人口素质、减少出生缺陷和残疾行动计划，残疾预防行动计划，营养改善行动计划和全民健身计划等。推出了污染防治、节能、生物多样性等方面的行动计划，如水污染防治行动计划、高风险污染物削减行动计划、煤炭清洁高效利用行动计划、煤电节能减排升级与改造行动计划、生物多样性保护战略与行动计划。
China has also made special plans to ensure the right to development of ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. The plans include those on the development of ethnic minorities, of women, of children, of the elderly, and of the disabled persons, with clear goals and targeted policies for different groups to solve the problems hindering their development, ensuring that they can pursue self-development and enjoy the fruits of reform on an equal basis.
中国还通过制定专项规划落实少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人等群体的发展权。中国发布了少数民族事业发展规划、中国妇女发展纲要、中国儿童发展纲要、老龄事业发展规划和残疾人事业发展纲要等，明确发展目标，采取积极策略措施，针对不同群体发展的重点难点问题，精准发力，使他们能够同步发展，共享改革发展成果。
The Judicial Remedy Mechanism
——司法救济机制
China is making enhanced efforts to strengthen the judicial protection and remedy to ensure the people's right to development. It has built a judicial remedy mechanism in this regard to prevent and punish infringements of people's right to development.
中国不断加强发展权的司法保护与司法救济，构建起发展权司法救济机制，防止和惩治对发展权的侵害。
The government is driving the reform of the judicial relief system to a deeper level to ensure the right to development of disadvantaged groups. The state provides judicial relief to victims of crimes or parties suffering from infringements of civil rights who cannot obtain effective compensation through litigation, and provides help to parties in certain types of cases who are in dire need of relief and are entitled to such relief. Eligible parties mainly receive relief money, and help in the forms of consultation and education. Judicial relief complements legal aid and litigation relief, and is linked with other forms of social relief and aid. The government is conducting research on opening first-aid fast track at hospitals for those injured in criminal cases, providing psychotherapy for victims with severe PTSD cases, and sending social workers to help immobilized victims, so as to further enhance judicial relief. In 2014 the state issued the "Opinions on Establishing and Improving the National Judicial Relief System (trial)," which was followed by a marked expansion in the scale and increases in the number of judicial relief cases. In 2014 and 2015, the central government and local governments allocated a total of RMB2.47 billion and RMB2.95 billion for judicial relief funds, benefiting over 80,000 parties concerned in 2014. In 2013-2015 people's courts at all levels reduced or exempted a total of RMB625 million for litigation parties, ensuring the right to litigation of the poor.
深化国家司法救助制度改革，切实保障困难群体的发展权利。对遭受犯罪侵害或民事侵权，无法通过诉讼获得有效赔偿的当事人，国家提供司法救助，重点解决符合条件的特定案件当事人生活面临的急迫困难。国家司法救助以支付救助金为主要方式，同时与思想疏导、宣传教育相结合，与法律援助、诉讼救济相配套，与其他社会救助相衔接。探索建立刑事案件伤员急救“绿色通道”、对遭受严重心理创伤的被害人实施心理治疗、对行动不便的受害人提供社工帮助等多种救助方式，进一步增强救助效果。2014年，国家颁布《关于建立完善国家司法救助制度的意见（试行）》后，司法救助的范围与数量大幅上升。2014年、2015年，中央和地方安排司法救助资金总额分别为24.7亿元、29.49亿元，2014年共有8万余名当事人得到司法救助。各级法院2013年至2015年共为诉讼当事人减免诉讼费6.25亿元，保障生活困难群众依法参与诉讼的权利。
The government strives to strengthen the effectiveness of legal aid, and ensures the right of impoverished people to judicial relief. In 1994, China began to form a legal aid system, providing free consultation, agency, criminal defense, and other legal services to people in need. In 2003, the State Council issued the Regulations on Legal Aid to define the scale of legal aid, delegating the power to the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government to supplement the issues to be covered by legal aid, and set the standards for receiving legal aid in light of the local conditions. Currently there are 23 provinces that have expanded the scope of issues covered by legal aid, and 19 provinces have adjusted the standards for receiving legal aid. The Criminal Procedural Law (revised in 2012) included suspects as recipients of legal aid, alongside defendants. Over the past five years, the number of legal aid cases has been growing by 11.4 percent annually, and women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers have received timely and higher quality legal aid services. In May 2015, at its 12th meeting, the CPC Central Leading Group for Overall and Further Reforms reviewed and approved the "Opinions on Improving the Legal Aid System," with measures to further enlarge the coverage of legal aid for civil and administrative lawsuits, reduce the thresholds for receiving legal aid, and gradually make legal aid available to low-income groups to benefit people in need.
强化法律援助实效，确保贫困人口享有获得司法救济的权利。1994年，中国开始探索法律援助制度，为困难群众无偿提供咨询、代理、刑事辩护等法律服务。2003年，国务院公布施行法律援助条例，明确了法律援助事项范围，省、自治区、直辖市人民政府可以补充规定法律援助事项，并根据本行政区域经济发展状况和法律援助事业的需要规定公民经济困难的标准。目前，全国已有23个省份扩大补充事项范围，19个省份调整了经济困难标准。2012年修订后的刑事诉讼法将法律援助的范围从被告人扩大到犯罪嫌疑人、被告人。近五年法律援助案件平均年增长11.4%，妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、进城务工人员等群体获得了优质便捷的法律援助服务。2015年5月，中央全面深化改革领导小组第十二次会议审议通过《关于完善法律援助制度的意见》，进一步扩大民事、行政法律援助覆盖面，降低法律援助门槛，使法律援助覆盖人群逐步拓展至低收入群体，惠及更多困难群众。
The government strengthens judicial remedy to protect the right to development of disadvantaged groups. China has always attached importance to the judicial protection of the right to development and other basic human rights in criminal cases. The state punishes crimes targeted at women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers, and strengthens the protection of special groups' rights to healthy physical and psychological development and their economic and social rights. The government strives to prevent or severely punish the abduction and trafficking of women and children, and such crimes have been effectively curbed. The state has issued the "Opinions on Punishing Sex Crimes Against Minors" and the "Opinions on Handling the Infringements of Minors' Rights and Interests by Guardians," so as to enhance the judicial protection of minors' rights and interests. The state has promulgated the "Opinions on Safeguarding the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Disabled Persons in Procuratorial Work," mandating severe punishment for crimes that infringe upon the rights and interests of disabled people in accordance with the law.
加大司法救济力度，保护弱势群体发展权。中国一直注重发展权等基本人权的刑事司法保护，以法律构筑保护发展权的牢固防线。国家依法制裁对妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、进城务工人员等的犯罪，强化保障特定群体身心健康发展的权利以及经济社会权利。国家坚持不懈预防、打击拐卖妇女儿童犯罪，拐卖妇女儿童犯罪得到有效遏制。国家颁布《关于依法惩治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意见》和《关于依法处理监护人侵害未成年人权益行为若干问题的意见》，不断加大对未成年人权益司法保护力度。国家出台《关于在检察工作中切实维护残疾人合法权益的意见》，依法从重打击侵害残疾人权益的犯罪活动，保障残疾人合法权益。
The government attaches importance to the role of arbitration, and protects the equal right to development of certain groups. By ending disputes through arbitration and punishing infringements according to law, China endeavors to strengthen procedure-based protection of the people's rights. By the end of 2015, 80 percent of township- and community-level employment and social security centers had set up organizations to mediate labor disputes, up by 14 percent from the 2014 figure. A total of 2,919 administrative divisions at or above county level (about 91 percent of the total) had arbitration offices for labor disputes, up by 208 percent compared with the figure of 946 at the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010). In 2010-2015, China's mediation and arbitration organizations handled a total of 7.57 million cases, bringing 90 percent to a conclusion.
重视发挥仲裁功能，保护特定群体平等发展权。通过依法定纷止争、制裁侵权强化权利的程序性保护。截至2015年年底，全国各地乡镇街道劳动就业社会保障服务所（中心）劳动争议调解组织组建率达80%，比2014年增加14%；共建劳动人事争议仲裁院2919家，总体建院率为91.1%，比“十一五”末期的946家增加了208%。2010年至2015年，全国各地调解仲裁机构共处理争议案件756.6万件，仲裁结案率保持在90%以上。
