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WASHINGTON, July 12 (Xinhua) -- Distasteful though it sounds, using fecal transplantation to treat some diseases such as potentially life-threatening bacterial infections is no joke, according to a study published Tuesday in the U.S. journal PLOS Biology.
Fecal transplants, for example, are increasingly being used as the treatment of last resort for certain infections in the human gut and have a success rate of as high as 95 percent in treating Clostridium difficile colitis, an infectious diarrhea that often follows antibiotic treatment.
"There is no doubt that poo can save lives," said study author Seth Bordenstein, associate professor at Vanderbilt University, who reviewed the growing scientific literature on the subject.
There is also preliminary evidence that the transplantation of stool from healthy individuals can be effective in treating multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease.
At the same time, there has been a major increase in animal experiments involving fecal material. In one study, for example, researchers found that fecal transplants from lean mice turned sterile mice into lean mice, while fecal transplants from fat mice turned sterile mice into fat mice.
"This research is just getting started," said Bordenstein. "It is driven by the new paradigm of the microbiome which recognizes that every plant and animal species harbors a collection of microbes that have significant and previously unrecognized effects on their host health, evolution and behavior."
Actually, fecal transplantation has a long history in Chinese medicine. An early-recorded application in humans was in the fourth century by a Chinese medical doctor named Ge Hong. In the 16th century, it was popular enough to get the nickname "yellow soup."
Interest among Western scientific circles was minimal until the year 2010, with fewer than 10 articles on the subject appearing per year in PubMed, an index of biomedical literature.
Starting in 2011, however, the number began an exponential rise with more than 200 papers on fecal transplantation appearing in 2015, a trend that shows no sign of slacking.
So far most of the research has been focused on the role of the bacteria in donor's stool, but they are not the only functional player in feces, Bordenstein cautioned.
"Feces is a complex material that contains a variety of biological and chemical entities that may be causing or assisting the effects of these transplants."
Healthy human stool contains on average 100 billion bacteria per gram, but it also contains 100 million viruses and archaea per gram. In addition, there are about 10 million colonocytes, human epithelial cells that help protect the colon, and a million yeasts and other single-celled fungi per gram.
Focus on the bacterial component appears to make sense in some cases, such as the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis, said Bordenstein.
But in other cases, such as the possible treatment of multiple sclerosis, it is quite possible that the effects of fecal transplants may be influenced by, or possibly even caused by, their non-bacterial constituents, he said.
As a result, Bordenstein called for increased research designed to separate out the effects and interactions of each of these components.
"When scientists identify the specific cocktails that produce the positive outcomes, then they can synthesize or grow them and put them in a pill. That will go a long way to reducing the 'icky factor' that could slow public acceptance of this new form of treatment," said Bordenstein. Enditem
