LOS ANGELES, May 12 (Xinhuanet)-- By comparing strains of leprosy-causing bacteria, scientists have traced how the pathogen evolved and how it was spread across the continents by human migrations.

    The findings indicate that the world's existing leprosy infections are all caused by a single bacterial clone that has spread yet barely mutated for centuries. They also show that the disease may have begun in East Africa, as opposed to India as previously thought, and then spread to the other continents in part through European colonialism and later the slave trade.

    The research, led by scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, appears in the 13 May issue of the journal Science.

    Leprosy is one of the oldest known human diseases, and still a significant problem in parts of the developing world. According to the World Health Organization, roughly 500,000 new cases were detected in 2003.

    The ability to trace an infection back to a certain region may help public health workers monitor the movement of the disease over time and determine the geographic source of new infections, according to study author Stewart Cole of the Pasteur Institute.

    Historically, it has been thought that leprosy originated in the Indian subcontinent and was then introduced to Europe by Greek soldiers returning from the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great. But the new findings indicate that the disease actually originated in East Africa or perhaps the Near East, then migrated eastward and westward.

    Europeans and North Africans then spread Leprosy to West Africa, and the slave trade brought the disease from West Africa to the Caribbean and South America, the study suggests. Europeans also introduced leprosy to North America.

    The disease, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, primarily affects the skin and nervous system, particularly the limbs and digits. It's not especially contagious, as people once widely believed, but it can cause permanent disability and disfigurement.

    The bacterium has long puzzled researchers because its genome is filled with an unusually high proportion of damaged, nonfunctional genes. This is probably why it grows exceedingly slowly, making it difficult for researchers to study because they can't grow it in culture. In fact, Mycobacterium leprae only lives in humans, armadillos, and the footpads of mice.

    The researchers compared the genomes of seven strains of Mycobacterium leprae taken from patients around the world and then grown in armadillos until the samples were large enough to analyze. They focused on genetic sequences known to be dynamic, and most likely to reflect evolutionary change, but found strikingly little variation.

    Next, the researchers looked for mutations known as "single nucleotide polymorphisms" (SNPs), which are substitutions of single nucleotides or "letters" at a specific spot in the genome. They found only three spots where useful SNPs occurred.

    At each of the three SNP locations, one of four different nucleotides can be substituted, making for a possible 64 different combinations in the genetic sequence. In a study of 175 different bacteria samples from 21 countries, the researchers found only four of these possible combinations.

    Overall, the genetic similarity between the different samples suggests that the bacterium's genome is exceedingly stable. Each of the four SNP combinations was most common in a certain geographic region, allowing the researchers to trace how the pathogen had spread from its original source, the researchers said. Enditem